How to Use Formulas in Microsoft Excel?

1. Cell References: First of all you have to understand the Cell References.Cell references are used to refer to specific cells in Excel. Each cell has a unique address, such as A1, B3, etc. References can be relative (e.g., A1) or absolute (e.g., $A$1). Relative references adjust when copied, while absolute references remain fixed.

2. Basic Arithmetic Formulas: Excel supports basic arithmetic operations such as addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), and division (/). For example, you can enter "=A2+B2" in a cell (let C2) to add the values from cells A1 and B1.

3. Using Functions: Excel provides numerous built-in functions that perform specific calculations. Examples include SUM, AVERAGE, MAX, MIN, IF, VLOOKUP, and COUNT, among many others. Functions are written as "=function_name(arguments)". For instance, "=SUM(A2:A5)" calculates the sum of values in cells A2 to A5.

4. Referencing Cells in Formulas: You can refer to cells directly by clicking on them or by manually entering their addresses in formulas. For example, "=A1+A2" will add the values in cells A1 and A2.

5. AutoFill: Excel's AutoFill feature enables you to quickly copy formulas to adjacent cells. Simply select the cell containing the formula and click and drag the small square handle in the bottom-right corner of the cell.

6. Formula Auditing: Excel provides tools to debug and audit formulas. The Formula Auditing feature allows you to trace precedents (cells referred to by a formula) and dependents (cells that depend on the current cell's value).

7. Absolute and Mixed Cell References: Absolute references lock the cell reference in a formula, whereas mixed references allow you to fix only the column or row. Absolute references use the "$" symbol. For example, "=A$1" fixes the row, while "$A1" fixes the column.

8. Nesting Formulas: You can nest formulas by using one formula as an argument for another. Remember to start a formula with the "=" sign in Excel. This indicates that what follows is a formula or function.

For instance, "=SUM(A1:A5)/COUNT(A1:A5)" calculates the average of the values in cells A1 to A5.

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